{ "meta": { "title": "YHWH: historical spellings, theophoric names, transcriptions and vocalization hypotheses", "version": "1.1.0", "created_utc": "2026-11-08", "method": "Conservative evidence curation with explicit primary witness vs secondary reconstruction labels", "scope": "Starter annotated research corpus, not exhaustive critical editions or validated pronunciation probabilities", "provenance_principle": "Consonantal spelling ≠ phonetic reading; name element ≠ full theonym; medieval pointing ≠ automatic ancient vowels.", "license_notes": "Original annotations and schema are provided for research reuse; linked publications and museum assets retain their own rights." }, "generated": "2026-11-08T19:50:50.866Z", "vocabulary": { "_comment": "Controlled vocabulary. Every status string used in the corpus must be listed here and mapped to exactly one evidence tier. The validator fails the build on unknown values.", "tiers": { "attested": { "label": "Attested", "short": "Primary witness", "description": "Read directly on an ancient object or in a critical edition of one. Says what is written, not how it was pronounced." }, "transmitted": { "label": "Transmitted", "short": "Tradition or report", "description": "Preserved through later copying, reading traditions, or an author's report of other people's usage." }, "reconstruction": { "label": "Reconstruction", "short": "Scholarly inference", "description": "An inference or synthesis published by named scholars. Attributed, never presented as a reading." }, "hypothesis": { "label": "Hypothesis", "short": "Proposed, unattested", "description": "A proposed form or claim with no attested witness yet. Documented under the same rules as every other entry." }, "disputed": { "label": "Disputed", "short": "Contested or unverified", "description": "A reading, identification or manuscript status that is contested, unverified, or awaits direct collation against an edition or image." } }, "status": { "artifacts.evidence_status": { "uncertain_identification": "disputed", "secure_consonantal": "attested", "secure_with_variant_readings": "attested", "secure_general": "attested", "secure_catalog_transcription": "attested", "secure_catalog_summary": "attested", "secure_edition_reported": "attested", "secondary_reported": "disputed", "manuscript_disputed": "disputed", "reported_tradition": "transmitted", "literary_transmission": "transmitted" }, "attestations.status": { "reported_name": "disputed", "secure_reading": "attested", "secure_general": "attested", "source_dependent_reading": "attested", "secure_transliteration": "attested", "secondary_reported": "disputed", "museum_transcription": "attested", "catalog_summary_only": "disputed", "published_critical_report": "attested", "collation_needed": "disputed", "editorial_reading": "disputed", "reported_oral_tradition": "transmitted", "literary_textual_tradition": "transmitted", "received_vocalization": "transmitted" }, "forms.status": { "direct_consonantal": "attested", "received_text": "transmitted", "vocalized_later": "transmitted", "scholarly_inference": "reconstruction", "indirect_unresolved": "disputed", "phonetic_witness": "attested", "reported_oral_tradition": "transmitted", "textual_variant_unverified": "disputed" }, "textual_witnesses.witness_status": { "critical_edition_reading": "attested", "needs_original_collation": "disputed", "editorial_transmission_disputed": "disputed", "author_report_of_oral_form": "transmitted", "author_report_of_short_form": "transmitted" }, "pronunciation_candidates.classification": { "mainstream reconstruction": "reconstruction", "scholarly minority reconstruction": "reconstruction", "user-proposed reconstruction": "hypothesis", "later historically used pronunciation": "transmitted", "historically attested related short form": "transmitted" }, "claims.epistemic_status": { "epigraphic_observation": "attested", "onomastic_synthesis": "reconstruction", "late_antique_report": "transmitted", "research_warning": "disputed", "textual_tradition": "transmitted", "scholarly_consensus": "reconstruction", "scholarly_minority": "reconstruction", "uncertain_historical_identification": "disputed", "literary_observation": "transmitted", "historical_phonology": "reconstruction", "scholarly_synthesis": "reconstruction", "methodological_inference": "reconstruction", "scholarly_hypothesis": "reconstruction" }, "theophoric_names.witness_kind": { "biblical_text": "transmitted", "name_tradition": "transmitted", "bibliographic_spelling": "disputed" }, "renderings.verification": { "linked_claim": "transmitted", "linked_record": "attested", "editorial_seed": "disputed" } }, "labels": { "pronunciation_candidates.classification": { "mainstream reconstruction": "Mainstream scholarly reconstruction", "scholarly minority reconstruction": "Scholarly minority reconstruction", "user-proposed reconstruction": "Proposed form (unattested)", "later historically used pronunciation": "Later historical pronunciation", "historically attested related short form": "Related short form (consonants attested; vowels transmitted)" }, "candidate_claims.relation": { "supports": "Supports", "indirect_support": "Indirect support", "limits": "Limits", "related_but_not_proof": "Related, not proof", "historical_origin": "Historical origin", "partly_relevant": "Partly relevant", "unresolved_history": "Unresolved history" }, "renderings.strategy": { "reading_tradition": "Reading tradition", "greek_transcription": "Greek transcription", "substitution_title": "Title substitution", "vocalized_form": "Vocalized form (Jehovah-type)", "reconstructed_form": "Reconstructed form (Yahweh-type)" } } }, "tables": { "metadata": [ { "key": "title", "value": "YHWH: historical spellings, theophoric names, transcriptions and vocalization hypotheses" }, { "key": "version", "value": "1.1.0" }, { "key": "created_utc", "value": "2026-11-08" }, { "key": "method", "value": "Conservative evidence curation with explicit primary witness vs secondary reconstruction labels" }, { "key": "scope", "value": "Starter annotated research corpus, not exhaustive critical editions or validated pronunciation probabilities" }, { "key": "provenance_principle", "value": "Consonantal spelling ≠ phonetic reading; name element ≠ full theonym; medieval pointing ≠ automatic ancient vowels." }, { "key": "license_notes", "value": "Original annotations and schema are provided for research reuse; linked publications and museum assets retain their own rights." } ], "references_catalog": [ { "id": "R01", "category": "museum_catalog", "title": "Mesha Stele (AO 5066)", "author": "Musée du Louvre", "pub_year": "n.d.", "publication": "Louvre Collections", "url": "https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010120339", "doi": "", "scope": "object metadata", "reliability": "high", "note": "Cataloguing dates the stele to ca. 830–805 BCE; name reading supported independently in Fleming." }, { "id": "R02", "category": "academic_book", "title": "Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name", "author": "Daniel E. Fleming", "pub_year": "2020", "publication": "Cambridge University Press", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/yahweh-before-israel/9FE491AC13605A4550C2A60F64E953C8", "doi": "10.1017/9781108875479", "scope": "book overview and scholarly interpretation", "reliability": "high", "note": "Context for Mesha, Shasu, earliest divine-name witnesses." }, { "id": "R03", "category": "academic_chapter", "title": "Yhwʒ of Shasu-Land", "author": "Daniel E. Fleming", "pub_year": "2020", "publication": "Cambridge University Press", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/yahweh-before-israel/yhw-of-shasuland/119116DC7806AE299828B5D58EA06539", "doi": "", "scope": "chapter summary", "reliability": "high", "note": "Bronze Age Egyptian geographical reference, not secure direct theonym reading." }, { "id": "R04", "category": "museum_edition", "title": "Pap. Berlin P. 13461A–P. 13448–15 (TAD D.4.9)", "author": "Texts & Scripts from Elephantine", "pub_year": "n.d.", "publication": "Staatliche Museen zu Berlin", "url": "https://elephantine.smb.museum/texts/view.php?t=306467", "doi": "", "scope": "transcription and museum text edition", "reliability": "high", "note": "Explicit transcription [...] בית יהו and YHW spelling." }, { "id": "R05", "category": "museum_catalog", "title": "Elephantine Pap. Berlin P. 13495 (TAD A.4.7)", "author": "Texts & Scripts from Elephantine", "pub_year": "n.d.", "publication": "Staatliche Museen zu Berlin", "url": "https://elephantine.smb.museum/objects/object.php?o=100282", "doi": "", "scope": "museum catalogue", "reliability": "high", "note": "Petition concerning temple of Yaho; not a complete critical edition in this corpus." }, { "id": "R06", "category": "museum_catalog", "title": "Elephantine Pap. Berlin P. 13488A+B (TAD C.3.15)", "author": "Texts & Scripts from Elephantine", "pub_year": "n.d.", "publication": "Staatliche Museen zu Berlin", "url": "https://elephantine.smb.museum/objects/object.php?o=306605", "doi": "", "scope": "museum catalogue", "reliability": "high", "note": "Temple of Yaho taxation list." }, { "id": "R07", "category": "academic_article", "title": "Religion at Kuntillet ʿAjrud", "author": "Scholarly journal contributors", "pub_year": "2019", "publication": "Religions 10(3), 211", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/211", "doi": "", "scope": "published analysis of inscriptions", "reliability": "high", "note": "Includes YHWH and YHW occurrences; context matters." }, { "id": "R08", "category": "academic_chapter", "title": "Leviticus (T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint)", "author": "Scholarly contributor", "pub_year": "2015", "publication": "T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/12399111/_Leviticus_pages_43_57_in_James_K_Aitken_ed_The_T_and_T_Clark_Companion_to_the_Septuagint_London_Bloomsbury_2015_Proofs", "doi": "", "scope": "academic excerpt", "reliability": "medium", "note": "4Q120 / 4QLXXLevb reading ΙΑΩ, 1st century BCE; use critical editions for final collation." }, { "id": "R09", "category": "academic_article", "title": "The Use of the Earliest Greek Scripture Fragments in Text Editions", "author": "Emanuel Tov", "pub_year": "2020", "publication": "Textus 29(1):60–79", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/42795963/279_The_Use_of_the_Earliest_Greek_Scripture_Fragments_in_Text_Editions_Textus_29_1_2020_60_79_proofs", "doi": "10.1163/2589255X-bja10001", "scope": "critical manuscript analysis", "reliability": "high", "note": "Discusses ΙΑΩ and its possible status in Greek biblical translation history." }, { "id": "R10", "category": "patristic_translation", "title": "Theodoret, Questions on Exodus 15", "author": "Theodoret of Cyrus", "pub_year": "c. 453 CE", "publication": "Questions on Exodus, study translation", "url": "https://bywaterandblood.com/library/theodoret/questions-on-exodus/q15-the-divine-name/", "doi": "", "scope": "translated historical testimony", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Reports Samaritan Ιαβέ and Jewish Ιά; secondary study translation, not original manuscript facsimile." }, { "id": "R11", "category": "academic_monograph", "title": "Making Sense of the Divine Name in the Book of Exodus", "author": "Austin Surls", "pub_year": "2017", "publication": "Eisenbrauns / Penn State University Press", "url": "https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-57506-483-3.html", "doi": "10.5325/j.ctv1bxh1m2", "scope": "publisher description / scholarly monograph", "reliability": "high", "note": "Useful for literary vs etymological explanation; detailed Iaou/Iaoue claim requires direct textual collation." }, { "id": "R12", "category": "discussion_of_manuscripts", "title": "Codex Laurentianus, Clement reading Iaou vs editorial Iaoue", "author": "b-hebrew discussion (not peer reviewed)", "pub_year": "2006/2010", "publication": "b-hebrew mailing list", "url": "https://lists.ibiblio.org/sympa/arc/b-hebrew/2010-03/msg00135.html", "doi": "", "scope": "secondary discussion / verification lead", "reliability": "low", "note": "Flags textual variant; DO NOT treat as confirmed collation until direct manuscript/critical edition is inspected." }, { "id": "R13", "category": "grammar_excerpt", "title": "Hebrew grammar: qere/ketiv, including tetragrammaton", "author": "Hebrew grammar sample", "pub_year": "2010", "publication": "Academic grammar excerpt", "url": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/cph-org-assets/media/pdf/531170.pdf", "doi": "", "scope": "quoted pedagogical explanation", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Explains Masoretic qere perpetuum for Adonai/Elohim." }, { "id": "R14", "category": "academic_chapter", "title": "Yahweh and the Samaritan pronunciation of the tetragrammaton", "author": "Nehemia Gordon", "pub_year": "2024", "publication": "Peer-reviewed book chapter listing", "url": "https://cris.biu.ac.il/en/publications/yahweh-and-the-samaritan-pronunciation-of-the-tetragrammaton/", "doi": "", "scope": "published abstract", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Questions straightforward use of Iabe to reconstruct ancient Samaritan speech." }, { "id": "R15", "category": "academic_article", "title": "Personal Names in Judah in the Iron Age II", "author": "Yigal Levin et al. / journal article", "pub_year": "2017", "publication": "Journal of Semitic Studies 62(1):19ff", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jss/article-abstract/62/1/19/3052624", "doi": "", "scope": "onomastic statistical study abstract", "reliability": "high", "note": "625 epigraphic names from 40 sites; named corpus not fully reproduced here." }, { "id": "R16", "category": "academic_article", "title": "On the Emergence of the Short Form -יה in Hebrew Names", "author": "Scholarly contributor", "pub_year": "2021", "publication": "Journal of Semitic Studies 66(2):293ff", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jss/article-abstract/66/2/293/6429344", "doi": "", "scope": "onomastic article abstract", "reliability": "high", "note": "Short -yah suffix historical development, proposed sociohistorical explanation." }, { "id": "R17", "category": "academic_article", "title": "Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult", "author": "André Lemaire", "pub_year": "2024", "publication": "Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 7:43–72", "url": "https://jjar.huji.ac.il/publications/judahite-hebrew-epigraphy-and-cult", "doi": "10.52486/01.00007.3", "scope": "published epigraphic survey", "reliability": "high", "note": "Discusses Lachish, Arad, Ketef Hinnom, YHWH; mentions Yahwoh following Caquot 1966." }, { "id": "R18", "category": "academic_excerpt", "title": "Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance", "author": "G. I. Davies", "pub_year": "1991", "publication": "Cambridge University Press", "url": "https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/readingsample/189035/9780521043953_excerpt_001.pdf", "doi": "", "scope": "published corpus excerpt", "reliability": "high", "note": "Transliterations for Lachish letter 2/3 and personal names; useful direct epigraphic transliterations." }, { "id": "R19", "category": "academic_chapter", "title": "Yahweh’s Blessing at Ketef Hinnom", "author": "Scholarly contributor", "pub_year": "2015", "publication": "Oxford Academic", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/10129/chapter-abstract/157625176", "doi": "", "scope": "book-chapter abstract", "reliability": "high", "note": "Early priestly blessing amulets; date and readings require critical editions." }, { "id": "R20", "category": "public_scripture_edition", "title": "Exodus 3:14–15 in Hebrew and translation", "author": "Sefaria / Revised JPS", "pub_year": "2023", "publication": "Sefaria", "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus.3.14?lang=en&with=Torah+Readings", "doi": "", "scope": "modern textual edition and notes", "reliability": "high", "note": "Biblical literary association of ehyeh with divine name." }, { "id": "R21", "category": "public_scripture_edition", "title": "Psalm 68:5 with Hebrew Yah", "author": "Sefaria / Revised JPS", "pub_year": "2023", "publication": "Sefaria", "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.68.5?lang=bi&with=About", "doi": "", "scope": "modern textual edition and notes", "reliability": "high", "note": "Attests short form Yah in transmitted Hebrew text, not date of original composition." }, { "id": "R22", "category": "academic_article", "title": "The Tetragrammaton in Egyptian Sources: Facts and Fiction", "author": "Academic contributor", "pub_year": "2017", "publication": "Ancient Near Eastern Studies", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/112546390/The_Tetragrammaton_in_Egyptian_Sources_Facts_and_Fiction", "doi": "", "scope": "critical Egyptian epigraphy discussion", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Argues against simplistic Shasu-YHW identification or precise geographical derivation." }, { "id": "R23", "category": "scholarly_monograph", "title": "Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God", "author": "Robert J. Wilkinson", "pub_year": "2015", "publication": "Brill", "url": "https://brill.com/display/title/31548", "doi": "", "scope": "historical reference work", "reliability": "high", "note": "Traces name reception and Latin Jehovah tradition; publisher link." }, { "id": "R24", "category": "research_article", "title": "A Holy Warrior at Kuntillet Ajrud? KA Plaster Inscription 4.2", "author": "Academic epigraphic paper", "pub_year": "2022", "publication": "Research paper listing", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/79916782/A_Holy_Warrior_at_Kuntillet_Ajrud_KA_Plaster_Inscription_4_2_2022_", "doi": "", "scope": "epigraphic analysis", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Enumerates YHWH and YHW independent occurrences at Kuntillet Ajrud." }, { "id": "R25", "category": "source_edition", "title": "Mesha stele historical identification in Fleming introduction", "author": "Daniel E. Fleming", "pub_year": "2020", "publication": "Cambridge University Press", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/yahweh-before-israel/introduction/C78C40276107E8E9385FB48FE76C3CB7", "doi": "", "scope": "academic chapter overview", "reliability": "high", "note": "States the earliest certain deity-naming evidence is mid-9th-century Moab royal inscription." }, { "id": "R26", "category": "academic_abstract", "title": "Yahwoh as possible original vocalization (reviewed epigraphy)", "author": "André Lemaire", "pub_year": "2024", "publication": "Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology", "url": "https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00007.3", "doi": "10.52486/01.00007.3", "scope": "scholarly proposal in contextual survey", "reliability": "high", "note": "Lemaire cites Caquot 1966 proposing originally Yahwoh. Distinct from user-proposed Yahwah." }, { "id": "R27", "category": "academic_book", "title": "Diversity in Classical Biblical Hebrew (onomastic chapter)", "author": "Cambridge University Press contributor", "pub_year": "2024", "publication": "Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures", "url": "https://api-thoth-arch.lib.cam.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/fb8e33bf-05e6-49e5-9d9f-a66192751282/content", "doi": "", "scope": "scholarly chapter / name frequency", "reliability": "medium", "note": "Discusses diachronic suffix patterns and potential northern -yw forms; do not equate Masoretic textual distribution with direct Iron Age audio." } ], "artifacts": [ { "id": "A-SOLEB", "name": "Soleb Shasu-land list", "type": "monumental Egyptian toponym list", "place": "Soleb, Sudan", "start_year": -1390, "end_year": -1352, "date_note": "Amenhotep III reign range: not necessarily date of underlying name", "language": "Egyptian", "script": "Egyptian hieroglyphic", "evidence_status": "uncertain_identification", "note": "Designation Yhwʒ occurs in a Shasu list. Not a secure inscription of YHWH as a deity." }, { "id": "A-AMARAH", "name": "Amarah West Shasu-land list", "type": "monumental Egyptian toponym list", "place": "Amarah West, Sudan", "start_year": -1279, "end_year": -1213, "date_note": "Ramesses II reign; list tradition may be older", "language": "Egyptian", "script": "Egyptian hieroglyphic", "evidence_status": "uncertain_identification", "note": "Related Shasu-Yhw designation; no direct secure god-name equivalence." }, { "id": "A-MESHA", "name": "Mesha Stele, AO 5066", "type": "royal victory stele", "place": "Dhiban/Dibon, Moab", "start_year": -850, "end_year": -805, "date_note": "Louvre catalogue 830–805; wider 9th-century range", "language": "Moabite", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew / Phoenician-derived", "evidence_status": "secure_consonantal", "note": "YHWH in line 18; vowels unmarked." }, { "id": "A-KA", "name": "Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions", "type": "pottery/plaster/stone inscriptions", "place": "Kuntillet ʿAjrud, Sinai", "start_year": -820, "end_year": -740, "date_note": "Broad late 9th–8th century BCE archeological dating", "language": "Hebrew / regional Northwest Semitic", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew", "evidence_status": "secure_with_variant_readings", "note": "Both four-letter and shorter divine-name forms in inscriptions; readings vary by item." }, { "id": "A-KETEF", "name": "Ketef Hinnom silver amulets", "type": "silver-foil inscriptions", "place": "Jerusalem", "start_year": -650, "end_year": -580, "date_note": "Late 7th / early 6th century BCE approximate", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew", "evidence_status": "secure_general", "note": "Divine name in blessing texts; detailed letter-level readings require editions." }, { "id": "A-LACHISH2", "name": "Lachish Letter 2", "type": "ostracon letter", "place": "Tel Lachish, Judah", "start_year": -590, "end_year": -585, "date_note": "Approx. 589/588 BCE in Davies corpus", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew", "evidence_status": "secure_consonantal", "note": "YHWH appears as formula in line 2." }, { "id": "A-LACHISH3", "name": "Lachish Letter 3", "type": "ostracon letter", "place": "Tel Lachish, Judah", "start_year": -590, "end_year": -585, "date_note": "Approx. 589/588 BCE in Davies corpus", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew", "evidence_status": "secure_consonantal", "note": "YHWH appears in greeting; names ending -yhw." }, { "id": "A-ARAD18", "name": "Arad Ostracon 18", "type": "ostracon letter", "place": "Tel Arad, Judah", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -580, "date_note": "Approx. late Iron Age Judah; individual date approximate", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Paleo-Hebrew", "evidence_status": "secondary_reported", "note": "Lemaire surveys invocation with YHWH." }, { "id": "A-ELE-D49", "name": "Elephantine documentary papyrus, TAD D.4.9", "type": "papyrus fragment", "place": "Elephantine, Egypt", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -400, "date_note": "5th century BCE approximate corpus assignment", "language": "Imperial Aramaic", "script": "Aramaic", "evidence_status": "secure_catalog_transcription", "note": "Pap. Berlin P.13461A–P.13448–15; YHW spelled in explicit line." }, { "id": "A-ELE-A47", "name": "Elephantine temple petition, TAD A.4.7", "type": "papyrus", "place": "Elephantine, Egypt", "start_year": -420, "end_year": -400, "date_note": "Later 5th century BCE; catalog dating to refine", "language": "Imperial Aramaic", "script": "Aramaic", "evidence_status": "secure_catalog_summary", "note": "Petition concerning temple of Yaho at Elephantine." }, { "id": "A-ELE-C315", "name": "Elephantine temple assessment, TAD C.3.15", "type": "papyrus", "place": "Elephantine, Egypt", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -400, "date_note": "5th century BCE approximate corpus assignment", "language": "Imperial Aramaic", "script": "Aramaic", "evidence_status": "secure_catalog_summary", "note": "Tax collection for temple of Yaho." }, { "id": "A-4Q120", "name": "4Q120 / 4QLXXLevb", "type": "Greek scriptural papyrus", "place": "Qumran", "start_year": -100, "end_year": -1, "date_note": "First century BCE paleographic date", "language": "Koine Greek", "script": "Greek", "evidence_status": "secure_edition_reported", "note": "ΙΑΩ at Leviticus 4:27 among witnesses; verse/locus differences in sources need collation." }, { "id": "A-CLEMENT", "name": "Clement of Alexandria, Stromata V.6", "type": "patristic literary text", "place": "Alexandria / later copied manuscripts", "start_year": 190, "end_year": 220, "date_note": "Composition ~late 2nd/early 3rd century; manuscripts substantially later", "language": "Greek", "script": "Greek", "evidence_status": "manuscript_disputed", "note": "Iaou vs Iaoue in surviving manuscript and editorial transmission; do not conflate author with extant manuscript." }, { "id": "A-THEODORET", "name": "Theodoret, Questions on Exodus 15", "type": "patristic literary text", "place": "Cyrrhus / Byzantine world", "start_year": 430, "end_year": 460, "date_note": "Fifth-century CE author testimony", "language": "Greek", "script": "Greek", "evidence_status": "reported_tradition", "note": "Reports Iabe for Samaritan and Aia for Jewish usage; not contemporary to Iron Age." }, { "id": "A-EXODUS3", "name": "Exodus 3:14–15 (received Hebrew text)", "type": "biblical text", "place": "Textual tradition; historical composition debated", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "date_note": "Dating of composition not encoded", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Masoretic Hebrew", "evidence_status": "literary_transmission", "note": "Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh theological wordplay and YHWH." }, { "id": "A-PSALM68", "name": "Psalm 68:5 (received Hebrew text)", "type": "biblical text", "place": "Textual tradition; historical composition debated", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "date_note": "Dating of composition not encoded", "language": "Hebrew", "script": "Masoretic Hebrew", "evidence_status": "literary_transmission", "note": "Explicit short independent name Yah." } ], "forms": [ { "id": "F-YHWH", "label": "YHWH", "hebrew": "יהוה", "normalized": "YHWH", "category": "complete_theonym", "position": "independent", "vocalization": null, "status": "direct_consonantal", "note": "Four consonants attested; no full vowel sequence supplied by ordinary Iron Age spelling." }, { "id": "F-YHW", "label": "YHW", "hebrew": "יהו", "normalized": "YHW", "category": "short_theonym_or_element", "position": "independent_or_component", "vocalization": "Yahu/Yaho proposed", "status": "direct_consonantal", "note": "Independent divine name in Elephantine; also suffix component in names." }, { "id": "F-YHH", "label": "YHH", "hebrew": "יהה", "normalized": "YHH", "category": "short_theonym", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "Yaho proposed", "status": "direct_consonantal", "note": "Elephantine spelling; do not assume it is phonetic." }, { "id": "F-YH", "label": "Yah", "hebrew": "יה", "normalized": "YH", "category": "short_theonym", "position": "independent_or_suffix", "vocalization": "Yah", "status": "received_text", "note": "Attested in transmitted Hebrew Bible and as -yah in personal names." }, { "id": "F-YEHO", "label": "Yeho-", "hebrew": "יהו", "normalized": "YHW", "category": "theophoric_element", "position": "prefix", "vocalization": "Yeho", "status": "vocalized_later", "note": "Masoretic prefix vocalization; original Iron Age vowels require independent evaluation." }, { "id": "F-YO", "label": "Yo-", "hebrew": "יו", "normalized": "YW", "category": "theophoric_element", "position": "prefix", "vocalization": "Yo", "status": "vocalized_later", "note": "Short prefix in Hebrew personal names." }, { "id": "F-YAHU", "label": "-yahu", "hebrew": "יהו", "normalized": "YHW", "category": "theophoric_element", "position": "suffix", "vocalization": "yahu", "status": "vocalized_later", "note": "Long suffixed form especially in monarchic Hebrew naming traditions." }, { "id": "F-YAH", "label": "-yah", "hebrew": "יה", "normalized": "YH", "category": "theophoric_element", "position": "suffix", "vocalization": "yah", "status": "vocalized_later", "note": "Short suffix as in -yah names." }, { "id": "F-YAW", "label": "-yaw (regional)", "hebrew": "יו", "normalized": "YW", "category": "theophoric_element", "position": "suffix", "vocalization": "yaw proposed", "status": "scholarly_inference", "note": "Some northern/Israelite names are written -yw rather than -yhw; precise vocalization requires caution." }, { "id": "F-SHASU", "label": "Shasu Yhwʒ", "hebrew": "(Egyptian)", "normalized": "YHW3", "category": "geographic_designation", "position": "independent", "vocalization": null, "status": "indirect_unresolved", "note": "Egyptian place/people name; link to later deity not established." }, { "id": "F-IAO", "label": "Iaō", "hebrew": "ΙΑΩ", "normalized": "IAO", "category": "Greek_transcription", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "iaō", "status": "phonetic_witness", "note": "Greek spelling with explicit vowels; may stand for shortened form." }, { "id": "F-IABE", "label": "Iabe", "hebrew": "Ἰαβέ", "normalized": "IABE", "category": "Greek_transcription", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "iabe", "status": "reported_oral_tradition", "note": "Theodoret reports Samaritan pronunciation; centuries later than Iron Age." }, { "id": "F-IA", "label": "Aia", "hebrew": "Ἀϊά", "normalized": "AIA", "category": "Greek_transcription", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "aia", "status": "reported_oral_tradition", "note": "Theodoret (Quaest. in Ex. 15) reports that Jews call the name Aia; commonly explained as reflecting ehyeh (Exod 3:14) rather than a pronunciation of YHWH. Corrected in v1.1.0 from an earlier entry \"Ia\"." }, { "id": "F-IAOU", "label": "Iaou", "hebrew": "Ἰαού", "normalized": "IAOU", "category": "Greek_transcription", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "iaou", "status": "textual_variant_unverified", "note": "Claimed Clement manuscript reading; requires direct collation." }, { "id": "F-IAOUE", "label": "Iaoue", "hebrew": "Ἰαουέ", "normalized": "IAOUE", "category": "Greek_transcription", "position": "independent", "vocalization": "iaoue", "status": "textual_variant_unverified", "note": "Commonly cited Clement form; its manuscript/textual status is disputed." } ], "attestations": [ { "id": "AS-SOL", "artifact_id": "A-SOLEB", "form_id": "F-SHASU", "original": "Yhwʒ (Egyptian transcription)", "transliteration": "Yhwʒ", "locus": "Shasu-land list", "status": "reported_name", "observed_vowels": "not recoverable from Hebrew", "note": "Place/group designation; identity with Yahwistic deity unproven." }, { "id": "AS-AM", "artifact_id": "A-AMARAH", "form_id": "F-SHASU", "original": "Yhwʒ (Egyptian transcription)", "transliteration": "Yhwʒ", "locus": "Shasu list", "status": "reported_name", "observed_vowels": "not recoverable from Hebrew", "note": "Secondary Egyptian witness, could copy older tradition." }, { "id": "AS-MESHA", "artifact_id": "A-MESHA", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "line 18", "status": "secure_reading", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Written in Moabite context." }, { "id": "AS-KA4", "artifact_id": "A-KA", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "KA 3.1 / 3.6 / 3.9 and other inscriptions", "status": "secure_general", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Specific occurrences and restorations vary by corpus entry." }, { "id": "AS-KA3", "artifact_id": "A-KA", "form_id": "F-YHW", "original": "יהו", "transliteration": "YHW", "locus": "KA 1.2 and/or 3.9 per scholarly listings", "status": "source_dependent_reading", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Consult critical editions for exact letter traces." }, { "id": "AS-KETEF", "artifact_id": "A-KETEF", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "amulet inscription(s)", "status": "secure_general", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Blessing texts show the divine name; exact reconstruction by line varies." }, { "id": "AS-L2", "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH2", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "letter 2, line 2", "status": "secure_transliteration", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Davies corpus transliteration y-h-w-h." }, { "id": "AS-L3", "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH3", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "letter 3, line 3", "status": "secure_transliteration", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Davies corpus transliteration." }, { "id": "AS-ARAD", "artifact_id": "A-ARAD18", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "Arad 18 blessing formula", "status": "secondary_reported", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Cited by Lemaire; locus review recommended." }, { "id": "AS-ELED49", "artifact_id": "A-ELE-D49", "form_id": "F-YHW", "original": "יהו", "transliteration": "YHW", "locus": "recto line 1 [...] בית יהו", "status": "museum_transcription", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Recorded orthography, not proof of Ya-hu pronunciation." }, { "id": "AS-ELEA47", "artifact_id": "A-ELE-A47", "form_id": "F-YHH", "original": "יהה", "transliteration": "YHH", "locus": "document generally; verify specific line", "status": "catalog_summary_only", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Museum catalogue says Temple of Yaho; spellings throughout corpus vary." }, { "id": "AS-ELEC315", "artifact_id": "A-ELE-C315", "form_id": "F-YHH", "original": "יהה", "transliteration": "YHH", "locus": "temple tax list; verify explicit line", "status": "catalog_summary_only", "observed_vowels": "none marked", "note": "Museum summary only; no exact line transcribed here." }, { "id": "AS-4Q", "artifact_id": "A-4Q120", "form_id": "F-IAO", "original": "ΙΑΩ", "transliteration": "IAO", "locus": "Leviticus 4:27 (reported; verify fragment)", "status": "published_critical_report", "observed_vowels": "written Greek vowels", "note": "Phonetic representation but not necessarily the original full form." }, { "id": "AS-CIAOU", "artifact_id": "A-CLEMENT", "form_id": "F-IAOU", "original": "Ἰαού", "transliteration": "Iaou", "locus": "Stromata V.6, surviving manuscript reading contested", "status": "collation_needed", "observed_vowels": "Greek vowel letters", "note": "Secondary report: Laurentianus manuscript said to have Iaou." }, { "id": "AS-CIAOUE", "artifact_id": "A-CLEMENT", "form_id": "F-IAOUE", "original": "Ἰαουέ", "transliteration": "Iaoue", "locus": "Stromata V.6 in some editions", "status": "editorial_reading", "observed_vowels": "Greek vowel letters", "note": "Not independent secure authorial reading." }, { "id": "AS-TIABE", "artifact_id": "A-THEODORET", "form_id": "F-IABE", "original": "Ἰαβέ", "transliteration": "Iabe", "locus": "Questions on Exodus 15", "status": "reported_oral_tradition", "observed_vowels": "Greek vowels", "note": "Samaritan reported pronunciation; -β- rendering may represent /v/ or /b/, not directly /w/." }, { "id": "AS-TIA", "artifact_id": "A-THEODORET", "form_id": "F-IA", "original": "Ἀϊά", "transliteration": "Aia", "locus": "Questions on Exodus 15", "status": "reported_oral_tradition", "observed_vowels": "Greek vowels", "note": "Jewish form as reported by Theodoret; often explained as ehyeh. Corrected in v1.1.0 from \"Ia\"." }, { "id": "AS-EX", "artifact_id": "A-EXODUS3", "form_id": "F-YHWH", "original": "יהוה", "transliteration": "YHWH", "locus": "Exodus 3:15", "status": "literary_textual_tradition", "observed_vowels": "Masoretic pointing later", "note": "Not a contemporaneous Bronze Age inscription." }, { "id": "AS-PS", "artifact_id": "A-PSALM68", "form_id": "F-YH", "original": "יָהּ", "transliteration": "Yah", "locus": "Psalm 68:5", "status": "received_vocalization", "observed_vowels": "Masoretic /a/", "note": "Short form in transmitted biblical text; cannot directly date original usage." } ], "sources_for_artifacts": [ { "artifact_id": "A-SOLEB", "ref_id": "R03", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-SOLEB", "ref_id": "R22", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-AMARAH", "ref_id": "R03", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-AMARAH", "ref_id": "R22", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-MESHA", "ref_id": "R01", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-MESHA", "ref_id": "R25", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KA", "ref_id": "R07", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KA", "ref_id": "R24", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KETEF", "ref_id": "R19", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KETEF", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH2", "ref_id": "R18", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH2", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH3", "ref_id": "R18", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH3", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ARAD18", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-D49", "ref_id": "R04", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-A47", "ref_id": "R05", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-C315", "ref_id": "R06", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-4Q120", "ref_id": "R08", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-4Q120", "ref_id": "R09", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-CLEMENT", "ref_id": "R12", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-THEODORET", "ref_id": "R10", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-THEODORET", "ref_id": "R14", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-EXODUS3", "ref_id": "R20", "purpose": "evidence" }, { "artifact_id": "A-PSALM68", "ref_id": "R21", "purpose": "evidence" } ], "sources_for_attestations": [ { "attestation_id": "AS-SOL", "ref_id": "R03", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-SOL", "ref_id": "R22", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-AM", "ref_id": "R03", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-AM", "ref_id": "R22", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-MESHA", "ref_id": "R25", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-MESHA", "ref_id": "R01", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KA4", "ref_id": "R07", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KA4", "ref_id": "R24", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KA3", "ref_id": "R07", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KA3", "ref_id": "R24", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KETEF", "ref_id": "R19", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-KETEF", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-L2", "ref_id": "R18", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-L3", "ref_id": "R18", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-ARAD", "ref_id": "R17", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-ELED49", "ref_id": "R04", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-ELEA47", "ref_id": "R05", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-ELEC315", "ref_id": "R06", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-4Q", "ref_id": "R08", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-4Q", "ref_id": "R09", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-CIAOU", "ref_id": "R12", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-CIAOUE", "ref_id": "R12", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-TIABE", "ref_id": "R10", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-TIABE", "ref_id": "R14", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-TIA", "ref_id": "R10", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-EX", "ref_id": "R20", "purpose": "support" }, { "attestation_id": "AS-PS", "ref_id": "R21", "purpose": "support" } ], "theophoric_names": [ { "id": "yehoshua", "name": "Yehoshua (Joshua)", "hebrew": "יהושע", "transcription": "Yehoshua", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "-shua", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH saves", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Yeho- prefix; later vocalization." }, { "id": "yehonatan", "name": "Yehonatan (Jonathan)", "hebrew": "יהונתן", "transcription": "Yehonatan", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "natan", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH has given", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Long prefix." }, { "id": "yehoshafat", "name": "Yehoshafat (Jehoshaphat)", "hebrew": "יהושפט", "transcription": "Yehoshafat", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "shafat", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH has judged", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Conventional predicative gloss." }, { "id": "yehochanan", "name": "Yehochanan (Jehohanan)", "hebrew": "יהוחנן", "transcription": "Yehochanan", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "chanan", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is gracious", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Name element Yeho-." }, { "id": "yehoyaqim", "name": "Yehoyaqim (Jehoiakim)", "hebrew": "יהויקים", "transcription": "Yehoyaqim", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "yaqim", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH raises/establishes", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Verb stem and grammar should be checked individually." }, { "id": "yehoyakhin", "name": "Yehoyakhin (Jehoiachin)", "hebrew": "יהויכין", "transcription": "Yehoyakhin", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "yakhin", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH establishes", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Conventional name gloss." }, { "id": "yehoram", "name": "Yehoram (Jehoram)", "hebrew": "יהורם", "transcription": "Yehoram", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "ram", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is exalted", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Long form." }, { "id": "yehoyada", "name": "Yehoiada (Jehoiada)", "hebrew": "יהוידע", "transcription": "Yehoiada", "form_id": "F-YEHO", "remainder": "yada", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH knows", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Long form." }, { "id": "yonatan", "name": "Yonatan (Jonathan)", "hebrew": "יונתן", "transcription": "Yonatan", "form_id": "F-YO", "remainder": "natan", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH has given", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short prefix variant of Yehonatan." }, { "id": "yochanan", "name": "Yochanan (Johanan)", "hebrew": "יוחנן", "transcription": "Yochanan", "form_id": "F-YO", "remainder": "chanan", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is gracious", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short form." }, { "id": "yoel", "name": "Yoel (Joel)", "hebrew": "יואל", "transcription": "Yoel", "form_id": "F-YO", "remainder": "el", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is God", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Analysis of two divine-name elements." }, { "id": "yoav", "name": "Yoav (Joab)", "hebrew": "יואב", "transcription": "Yoav", "form_id": "F-YO", "remainder": "av", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is father", "meaning_status": "conventional_debated", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Some interpret father as individual relative, not necessarily predicative." }, { "id": "yoram", "name": "Yoram (Joram)", "hebrew": "יורם", "transcription": "Yoram", "form_id": "F-YO", "remainder": "ram", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is exalted", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short form of Yehoram." }, { "id": "eliyahu", "name": "Eliyahu (Elijah)", "hebrew": "אליהו", "transcription": "Eliyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "eli", "conventional_meaning": "My God is YHWH", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Final -yahu." }, { "id": "yeshayahu", "name": "Yeshayahu (Isaiah)", "hebrew": "ישעיהו", "transcription": "Yeshayahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "yeshua", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is salvation", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Ending -yahu." }, { "id": "yirmeyahu", "name": "Yirmeyahu (Jeremiah)", "hebrew": "ירמיהו", "transcription": "Yirmeyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "yirm", "conventional_meaning": "Meaning uncertain, often YHWH exalts/appoints", "meaning_status": "debated_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Multiple competing etymologies; do not treat gloss as fact." }, { "id": "zekharyahu", "name": "Zekharyahu (Zechariah)", "hebrew": "זכריהו", "transcription": "Zekharyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "zekhar", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH remembers", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "chizkiyahu", "name": "Chizkiyahu (Hezekiah)", "hebrew": "חזקיהו", "transcription": "Chizkiyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "chazak", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH strengthens", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "ovadyahu", "name": "Ovadyahu (Obadiah)", "hebrew": "עבדיהו", "transcription": "Ovadyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "oved", "conventional_meaning": "Servant of YHWH", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "uriyahu", "name": "Uriyahu (Uriah)", "hebrew": "אוריהו", "transcription": "Uriyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "uri", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is my light", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "tzidkiyahu", "name": "Tzidkiyahu (Zedekiah)", "hebrew": "צדקיהו", "transcription": "Tzidkiyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "tzedek", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is righteousness", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "netanyahu", "name": "Netanyahu", "hebrew": "נתניהו", "transcription": "Netanyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "natan", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH has given", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "name_tradition", "note": "Suffix -yahu; modern existence alone does not prove ancient pronunciation." }, { "id": "mikhayahu", "name": "Mikhayahu (Micaiah)", "hebrew": "מיכיהו", "transcription": "Mikhayahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "mi-kha", "conventional_meaning": "Who is like YHWH?", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "gedalyahu", "name": "Gedalyahu (Gedaliah)", "hebrew": "גדליהו", "transcription": "Gedalyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "gadal", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is great", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "shemayahu", "name": "Shemayahu (Shemaiah)", "hebrew": "שמעיהו", "transcription": "Shemayahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "shama", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH has heard", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Suffix -yahu." }, { "id": "zekharyah", "name": "Zekharyah", "hebrew": "זכריה", "transcription": "Zekharyah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "zekhar", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH remembers", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short -yah form." }, { "id": "chizkiyah", "name": "Chizkiyah", "hebrew": "חזקיה", "transcription": "Chizkiyah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "chazak", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH strengthens", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short -yah form." }, { "id": "ovadyah", "name": "Ovadyah", "hebrew": "עבדיה", "transcription": "Ovadyah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "oved", "conventional_meaning": "Servant of YHWH", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short -yah form." }, { "id": "yirmeyah", "name": "Yirmeyah", "hebrew": "ירמיה", "transcription": "Yirmeyah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "yirm", "conventional_meaning": "Meaning uncertain, often YHWH exalts/appoints", "meaning_status": "debated_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short -yah form." }, { "id": "yeshayah", "name": "Yeshayah", "hebrew": "ישעיה", "transcription": "Yeshayah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "yeshua", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is salvation", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "bibliographic_spelling", "note": "Not necessarily a common independent historic form: needs individual verification." }, { "id": "aviyah", "name": "Aviyah (Abijah)", "hebrew": "אביה", "transcription": "Aviyah", "form_id": "F-YAH", "remainder": "avi", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH is my father", "meaning_status": "standard_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Short -yah name." }, { "id": "joziah", "name": "Yoshiyahu (Josiah)", "hebrew": "יאשיהו", "transcription": "Yoshiyahu", "form_id": "F-YAHU", "remainder": "yoshi", "conventional_meaning": "YHWH supports/heals (etymology debated)", "meaning_status": "debated_gloss", "witness_kind": "biblical_text", "note": "Semantics uncertain; include for suffix comparison." } ], "sources_for_names": [ { "name_id": "yehoshua", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoshua", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoshua", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehonatan", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehonatan", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehonatan", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoshafat", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoshafat", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoshafat", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehochanan", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehochanan", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehochanan", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyaqim", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyaqim", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyaqim", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyakhin", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyakhin", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyakhin", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoram", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoram", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoram", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyada", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyada", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yehoyada", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yonatan", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yonatan", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yonatan", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yochanan", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yochanan", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yochanan", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoel", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoel", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoel", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoav", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoav", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoav", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoram", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoram", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yoram", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "eliyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "eliyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "eliyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "uriyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "uriyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "uriyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "tzidkiyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "tzidkiyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "tzidkiyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "netanyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "netanyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "netanyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "mikhayahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "mikhayahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "mikhayahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "gedalyahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "gedalyahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "gedalyahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "shemayahu", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "shemayahu", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "shemayahu", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "zekharyah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "chizkiyah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "ovadyah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yirmeyah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "yeshayah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "aviyah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "aviyah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "aviyah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "joziah", "ref_id": "R15", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "joziah", "ref_id": "R16", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" }, { "name_id": "joziah", "ref_id": "R27", "purpose": "comparative onomastic framework; individual biblical form not specifically proven by citation" } ], "textual_witnesses": [ { "id": "W-4Q120", "author_or_text": "4Q120 (4QLXXLevb)", "language": "Greek", "written_form": "ΙΑΩ", "romanization": "Iaō", "origin_date": "1st century BCE", "manuscript_date": "original parchment 1st c. BCE", "tradition": "Jewish Greek scriptural", "witness_status": "critical_edition_reading", "statement": "Greek substitution for YHWH in Leviticus manuscript.", "caveat": "May represent short name; actual read-out cannot be proven." }, { "id": "W-CLEMENT-1", "author_or_text": "Clement of Alexandria, Stromata V.6", "language": "Greek", "written_form": "Ἰαού", "romanization": "Iaou", "origin_date": "ca. 200 CE", "manuscript_date": "11th c. main complete manuscript (reported)", "tradition": "Christian patristic", "witness_status": "needs_original_collation", "statement": "Reported main manuscript reading.", "caveat": "Secondary transmission report; exact Greek manuscript to be checked." }, { "id": "W-CLEMENT-2", "author_or_text": "Clement of Alexandria, Stromata V.6 editorial variant", "language": "Greek", "written_form": "Ἰαουέ", "romanization": "Iaoue", "origin_date": "ca. 200 CE", "manuscript_date": "late/editorial variants", "tradition": "Christian patristic", "witness_status": "editorial_transmission_disputed", "statement": "Often cited as Clement wording.", "caveat": "Not safe to treat as original without collation of editions and manuscripts." }, { "id": "W-THEO-S", "author_or_text": "Theodoret Questions on Exodus 15", "language": "Greek", "written_form": "Ἰαβέ", "romanization": "Iabe", "origin_date": "5th century CE", "manuscript_date": "medieval manuscript transmission", "tradition": "Samaritan pronunciation as reported by author", "witness_status": "author_report_of_oral_form", "statement": "Theodoret says Samaritans pronounce the name Iabe.", "caveat": "Historical Samaritan practice debated; Greek beta does not simply encode ancient Hebrew waw." }, { "id": "W-THEO-J", "author_or_text": "Theodoret Questions on Exodus 15", "language": "Greek", "written_form": "Ἀϊά", "romanization": "Aia", "origin_date": "5th century CE", "manuscript_date": "medieval manuscript transmission", "tradition": "Jewish pronunciation as reported by author", "witness_status": "author_report_of_short_form", "statement": "Theodoret contrasts the Jewish form Aia with the Samaritan Iabe.", "caveat": "Commonly explained as ehyeh (Exod 3:14) and as reflecting avoidance of the name, not as a pronunciation of YHWH." } ], "sources_for_witnesses": [ { "witness_id": "W-4Q120", "ref_id": "R08", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-4Q120", "ref_id": "R09", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-CLEMENT-1", "ref_id": "R12", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-CLEMENT-2", "ref_id": "R12", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-THEO-S", "ref_id": "R10", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-THEO-S", "ref_id": "R14", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" }, { "witness_id": "W-THEO-J", "ref_id": "R10", "purpose": "direct or contextual support as described in reference scope" } ], "pronunciation_candidates": [ { "id": "P-YAHWEH", "spelling": "Yahweh", "proposed_ipa": "/ˈjah.we/ (approx.)", "syllables": 2, "classification": "mainstream reconstruction", "historical_support": "published_mainstream_reconstruction", "positive_evidence": "YHWH spelling, Yah short form, Theodoret Iabe; historical morphology proposals.", "limitations": "Late transmission; disputed manuscript witnesses and exact vowel quality; consonantal texts alone cannot prove it.", "testable_requirements": "Compare critical Greek manuscript recensions and proposed Hebrew morphological derivations." }, { "id": "P-YAHWOH", "spelling": "Yahwoh", "proposed_ipa": "/ˈjah.wo/ (proposed)", "syllables": 2, "classification": "scholarly minority reconstruction", "historical_support": "published_minority_reconstruction", "positive_evidence": "Lemaire 2024 explicitly cites Caquot 1966 as favoring Yahwoh.", "limitations": "Original Caquot argument not independently reviewed in this seed dataset.", "testable_requirements": "Collate Caquot 1966 and assess archaic vowel phonology and transcriptions." }, { "id": "P-YAHWAH", "spelling": "Yahwah", "proposed_ipa": "/ˈjah.wah/ (approx.)", "syllables": 2, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "unattested_full_form", "positive_evidence": "Yah element and historic /w/ plausible.", "limitations": "No secure ancient full-name transcript with -ah established.", "testable_requirements": "Demonstrate expected final vowel and regular development relative to available Greek and Hebrew evidence." }, { "id": "P-YAHUWAH", "spelling": "Yahuwah", "proposed_ipa": "/jah.u.ˈwah/ (one possible reading)", "syllables": 3, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "unattested_full_form", "positive_evidence": "Yahu element is genuinely attested in names and YHW as independent form.", "limitations": "Appending -wah not derivable from -yahu alone; no securely attested whole-form vocalization.", "testable_requirements": "Supply explicit IPA and derive /u/ and final /a/ under regular phonological rules." }, { "id": "P-YEHOWAH", "spelling": "Yehowah", "proposed_ipa": "/je.ho.ˈwah/ (approx.)", "syllables": 3, "classification": "later historically used pronunciation", "historical_support": "later_historical", "positive_evidence": "Later pronunciation associated with Masoretic vowel-point interpretations, related to Jehovah tradition.", "limitations": "Masoretic qere practice means vocalization cannot automatically be projected to Iron Age.", "testable_requirements": "Identify pre-Masoretic independent phonetic transcription of full form." }, { "id": "P-YAHOWAH", "spelling": "Yahowah", "proposed_ipa": "/ja.ho.ˈwah/ (approx.)", "syllables": 3, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "unattested_full_form", "positive_evidence": "Shares initial Yah and final consonant frame with some proposals.", "limitations": "No secure ancient complete attestation of vowel sequence.", "testable_requirements": "Derive medial /o/ and final /a/ from dated evidence." }, { "id": "P-YAWOHAH", "spelling": "Yawohah", "proposed_ipa": null, "syllables": null, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "ambiguous_unattested", "positive_evidence": "Preserves some candidate syllables/letters in romanized form.", "limitations": "Romanized form could imply extra /h/ or different consonant position; no secure historical witness.", "testable_requirements": "Specify syllable boundaries and IPA before historical testing." }, { "id": "P-YEHWOAH", "spelling": "Yehwoah", "proposed_ipa": null, "syllables": null, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "ambiguous_unattested", "positive_evidence": "Uses historic /w/ character.", "limitations": "Romanization ambiguous and nonstandard; no ancient full-name attestation.", "testable_requirements": "Supply explicit IPA and clarify whether the sequence is diphthong or hiatus." }, { "id": "P-IEHOAH", "spelling": "IEHOAH", "proposed_ipa": null, "syllables": null, "classification": "user-proposed reconstruction", "historical_support": "ambiguous_unattested", "positive_evidence": "Resembles later Latin orthographic conventions but exact phonetics unresolved.", "limitations": "Latin I/J and U/V variability complicates comparison; no ancient witness to precisely this spelling.", "testable_requirements": "Specify intended phonemes and test against actual Latin manuscript records." }, { "id": "P-YAHU", "spelling": "Yahu / Yaho", "proposed_ipa": null, "syllables": 2, "classification": "historically attested related short form", "historical_support": "direct_written_short_form", "positive_evidence": "YHW/YHH attested independently at Elephantine; -yahu in names; Greek Iaō related.", "limitations": "Writing YHW does not itself capture exact vowels or establish it as older than YHWH.", "testable_requirements": "Identify earliest independent dated attestations and align with Greek phonetic transcriptions." }, { "id": "P-YAH", "spelling": "Yah", "proposed_ipa": "/jah/ (received Hebrew)", "syllables": 1, "classification": "historically attested related short form", "historical_support": "received_vocalization", "positive_evidence": "Explicit short form in Psalms 68:5 and others.", "limitations": "Received vowel sign is medieval; does not directly provide date of original pronunciation.", "testable_requirements": "Study biblical and inscriptional YH short forms independently." } ], "claims": [ { "id": "C01", "topic": "orthography", "statement": "The Mesha Stele has YHWH written as a four-letter name by the ninth century BCE.", "epistemic_status": "epigraphic_observation", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "No vowel pointing; do not infer Yahweh directly from this inscription." }, { "id": "C02", "topic": "orthography", "statement": "Elephantine textual evidence contains independent shortened spellings YHW and YHH.", "epistemic_status": "epigraphic_observation", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Precise pronunciation not directly encoded by consonants." }, { "id": "C03", "topic": "linguistic", "statement": "Hebrew personal names preserve prefix Yeho-/Yo- and suffix -yahu/-yah traditions.", "epistemic_status": "onomastic_synthesis", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Masoretic vowels may differ from older speech and some spellings are regionally conditioned." }, { "id": "C04", "topic": "transcription", "statement": "Theodoret reports Iabe for Samaritans and Aia for Jews in the fifth century CE.", "epistemic_status": "late_antique_report", "support_level": "medium", "caveat": "Alternative interpretations of Samaritan reporting exist." }, { "id": "C05", "topic": "transcription", "statement": "4Q120 represents the divine name with Greek ΙΑΩ.", "epistemic_status": "epigraphic_observation", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "This need not represent the full independent pronunciation." }, { "id": "C06", "topic": "textual_criticism", "statement": "Clement Iaou vs Iaoue requires direct manuscript and critical-edition collation.", "epistemic_status": "research_warning", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "This seed database has only a secondary discussion of the manuscript disagreement." }, { "id": "C07", "topic": "medieval", "statement": "Masoretic vowel pointing of YHWH participates in a standing reading convention.", "epistemic_status": "textual_tradition", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Pointing associated with Adonai/Elohim is not automatic evidence of ancient full-name vowels." }, { "id": "C08", "topic": "reconstruction", "statement": "Yahweh is the dominant modern academic reconstruction of the complete YHWH name.", "epistemic_status": "scholarly_consensus", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Scholarly reconstruction is not demonstrable certainty." }, { "id": "C09", "topic": "reconstruction", "statement": "Yahwoh is explicitly entertained by an academic epigraphist citing Caquot.", "epistemic_status": "scholarly_minority", "support_level": "medium", "caveat": "Caquot 1966 original must be checked before formal endorsement." }, { "id": "C10", "topic": "identification", "statement": "Egyptian Shasu Yhw is a place/people designation whose connection to Israelite YHWH remains disputed.", "epistemic_status": "uncertain_historical_identification", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Earlier date does not automatically equal earlier divine-name attestation." }, { "id": "C11", "topic": "semantics", "statement": "Exodus 3:14–15 explicitly connects ehyeh and YHWH in its theological narrative.", "epistemic_status": "literary_observation", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Biblical wordplay is not proof of original morphological etymology." }, { "id": "C12", "topic": "phonology", "statement": "Historical Hebrew waw is generally reconstructed with /w/, whereas modern vav often has /v/.", "epistemic_status": "historical_phonology", "support_level": "medium", "caveat": "Actual realization in different settings and periods is complex." }, { "id": "C13", "topic": "name_history", "statement": "Theophoric name suffixes show meaningful diachronic distribution of -yahu vs -yah.", "epistemic_status": "scholarly_synthesis", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Frequency in transmitted biblical books does not directly equal original oral patterns." }, { "id": "C14", "topic": "method", "statement": "No candidate full-name pronunciation is directly secured by Iron Age Hebrew consonantal inscriptions.", "epistemic_status": "methodological_inference", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Combinations of independent transcriptions and language reconstruction remain necessary." }, { "id": "C15", "topic": "hypothesis", "statement": "Both YHW-from-YHWH and YHWH-from-YHW origin scenarios have been considered.", "epistemic_status": "scholarly_hypothesis", "support_level": "medium", "caveat": "Neither chronological direction can be established from this evidence set." }, { "id": "C16", "topic": "manuscript", "statement": "Ketef Hinnom amulets preserve early divine-name use in Judahite blessings.", "epistemic_status": "epigraphic_observation", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Letter readings and paleographic dates should be checked against editions." }, { "id": "C17", "topic": "name_meanings", "statement": "Glosses of theophoric names are semantic interpretations, sometimes debated, not phonetic records.", "epistemic_status": "methodological_inference", "support_level": "high", "caveat": "Name glosses should never be scored as direct proof of complete divine-name vocalization." } ], "claim_support": [ { "claim_id": "C01", "ref_id": "R01", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C01", "ref_id": "R25", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C02", "ref_id": "R04", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C02", "ref_id": "R05", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C02", "ref_id": "R06", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C03", "ref_id": "R15", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C03", "ref_id": "R16", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C03", "ref_id": "R27", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C04", "ref_id": "R10", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C04", "ref_id": "R14", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C05", "ref_id": "R08", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C05", "ref_id": "R09", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C06", "ref_id": "R12", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C07", "ref_id": "R13", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C07", "ref_id": "R23", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C08", "ref_id": "R02", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C08", "ref_id": "R11", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C09", "ref_id": "R17", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C09", "ref_id": "R26", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C10", "ref_id": "R03", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C10", "ref_id": "R22", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C11", "ref_id": "R20", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C11", "ref_id": "R11", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C12", "ref_id": "R27", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C13", "ref_id": "R16", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C13", "ref_id": "R27", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C14", "ref_id": "R02", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C14", "ref_id": "R11", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C15", "ref_id": "R11", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C15", "ref_id": "R02", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C16", "ref_id": "R19", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C16", "ref_id": "R17", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C17", "ref_id": "R15", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" }, { "claim_id": "C17", "ref_id": "R16", "relation": "supports_or_contextualizes", "location": "See source scope and caveats" } ], "candidate_claims": [ { "candidate_id": "P-YAHWEH", "claim_id": "C08", "relation": "supports" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHWEH", "claim_id": "C04", "relation": "indirect_support" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHWEH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHWOH", "claim_id": "C09", "relation": "supports" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHWAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHUWAH", "claim_id": "C02", "relation": "related_but_not_proof" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHUWAH", "claim_id": "C03", "relation": "related_but_not_proof" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHUWAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YEHOWAH", "claim_id": "C07", "relation": "historical_origin" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YEHOWAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHOWAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAWOHAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YEHWOAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" }, { "candidate_id": "P-IEHOAH", "claim_id": "C07", "relation": "partly_relevant" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHU", "claim_id": "C02", "relation": "supports" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHU", "claim_id": "C05", "relation": "indirect_support" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAHU", "claim_id": "C15", "relation": "unresolved_history" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAH", "claim_id": "C03", "relation": "supports" }, { "candidate_id": "P-YAH", "claim_id": "C14", "relation": "limits" } ], "research_questions": [ { "id": "Q01", "question": "Which securely dated witness first uses independent YHW, rather than a personal-name component?", "rationale": "Determines whether shortened theonym is early.", "evidence_needed": "Primary dated inscriptions; textual critical editions; excavation context.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q02", "question": "Did YHWH precede YHW or YHW precede YHWH?", "rationale": "Different developmental narratives.", "evidence_needed": "Chronological corpus and explanatory phonological derivation.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q03", "question": "What is the exact Clement Laurentianus Greek letter sequence?", "rationale": "Often cited but potentially editorially altered.", "evidence_needed": "High-resolution manuscript + complete critical apparatus.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q04", "question": "What is earliest secure evidence for Iaoue independently of Clement?", "rationale": "Tests direct vowel reconstruction.", "evidence_needed": "Dated Greek manuscripts, patristic textual editions.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q05", "question": "Did Greek ΙΑΩ record a full theonym or contracted one?", "rationale": "Central to interpretation of Qumran.", "evidence_needed": "Translation strategy comparative corpus; 4Q120 editorial history.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q06", "question": "How were Hebrew waw and word-final he pronounced in Iron Age Judah and Israel?", "rationale": "Critical consonant and vowel assumptions.", "evidence_needed": "Comparative Northwest Semitic phonology and foreign transcriptions.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q07", "question": "What grammatical derivations of YHWH from *hwy/*hyh are regular?", "rationale": "Avoid ad hoc vowel assignment.", "evidence_needed": "Historical morphology and sound laws.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q08", "question": "How do Yeho-, Yo-, -yahu, -yah distributions vary with period and geography?", "rationale": "Might uncover diachronic pattern.", "evidence_needed": "Epigraphic corpus tagged by place and secure date.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q09", "question": "What can later Masoretic pointing genuinely preserve about Iron Age vowels?", "rationale": "Distinguishes ancient spoken forms from reading tradition.", "evidence_needed": "Vocalization manuscript comparison and qere studies.", "priority": "medium" }, { "id": "Q10", "question": "How accurately did Theodoret represent the Samaritans he described?", "rationale": "Historical source reliability.", "evidence_needed": "Samaritan liturgical texts, textual criticism, late-antique polemical context.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q11", "question": "Can an alternative form such as Yahwoh predict independently attested transcriptions?", "rationale": "Tests minority theory quantitatively.", "evidence_needed": "Original Caquot paper, phonological modeling.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q12", "question": "Is Egyptian Shasu Yhw connected to the divine name at all?", "rationale": "May alter the earliest chronological evidence.", "evidence_needed": "Egyptological philology, toponymic corpus, contextual archaeology.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q13", "question": "Is the final he a vowel letter, consonant, or historical trace?", "rationale": "Crucial to Yahweh/Yahwah/Yahwoh.", "evidence_needed": "Comparative orthography and transcriptions.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q14", "question": "Which forms can be rejected by regular sound changes rather than subjective plausibility?", "rationale": "Falsifiability of candidate testing.", "evidence_needed": "Explicit phonological constraints and corpus-based evaluation.", "priority": "high" }, { "id": "Q15", "question": "Can scholars devise a non-circular confidence score for candidate reconstructions?", "rationale": "Avoids circular evidence selection.", "evidence_needed": "Blinded candidate scoring by multiple experts with preregistered criteria.", "priority": "medium" }, { "id": "Q16", "question": "How does theological wordplay in Exodus relate to historical etymology?", "rationale": "Separates literary semantics from historical morphology.", "evidence_needed": "Comparative readings and literary diachronic study.", "priority": "medium" }, { "id": "Q17", "question": "Were multiple pronunciations used by different communities simultaneously?", "rationale": "Avoids false single-pronunciation assumption.", "evidence_needed": "Samaritan, Aramaic, Jewish-Greek parallel witnesses.", "priority": "medium" }, { "id": "Q18", "question": "Which name glosses are secure, and which have unresolved Hebrew verbal roots?", "rationale": "Prevents hidden false certainty in onomastics.", "evidence_needed": "Individual philological dictionaries and edition notes.", "priority": "medium" } ], "change_log": [ { "id": 1, "date": "2026-11-08", "note": "v1.0: populated with source-scoped claims; conservative uncertain manuscript and Egyptian identity flags." }, { "id": 2, "date": "2026-11-08", "note": "v1.1.0: corrected Theodoret's Jewish form from \"Ia\" to \"Aia\" (Ἀϊά) per Quaest. in Ex. 15 (F-IA, AS-TIA, W-THEO-J, C04, A-THEODORET); replaced evaluative historical_support values for P-YAHWEH/P-YAHWOH with descriptive codes; tier vocabulary tightened (vocalized short forms → transmitted; secondary/catalogue-only readings and uncited renderings → disputed until collated); added places and renderings (seed)." } ], "places": [ { "id": "soleb", "name": "Soleb", "ancient_name": "Soleb (Nubia)", "modern_country": "Sudan", "lat": 20.4386, "lon": 30.3325, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±2 km)", "note": "Temple of Amenhotep III; topographical list including Shasu-land designations." }, { "id": "amara-west", "name": "Amarah West", "ancient_name": "Amara West (Nubia)", "modern_country": "Sudan", "lat": 20.8, "lon": 30.38, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±5 km)", "note": "Ramesside temple list repeating Shasu-land designations." }, { "id": "dhiban", "name": "Dhiban", "ancient_name": "Dibon, Moab", "modern_country": "Jordan", "lat": 31.5017, "lon": 35.7774, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±1 km)", "note": "Find-spot of the Mesha Stele (1868)." }, { "id": "kuntillet-ajrud", "name": "Kuntillet ʿAjrud", "ancient_name": "Ancient name unknown (modern Hebrew: Horvat Teman)", "modern_country": "Egypt (Sinai)", "lat": 30.186, "lon": 34.419, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±3 km)", "note": "Iron Age way-station with plaster, pottery and stone inscriptions." }, { "id": "ketef-hinnom", "name": "Ketef Hinnom", "ancient_name": "Jerusalem", "modern_country": "Jerusalem", "lat": 31.7686, "lon": 35.2275, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±0.5 km)", "note": "Burial cave (Cave 25) where the two silver amulets were found in 1979." }, { "id": "lachish", "name": "Tel Lachish", "ancient_name": "Lachish, Judah", "modern_country": "Israel", "lat": 31.565, "lon": 34.849, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±1 km)", "note": "Find-spot of the Lachish ostraca (1935)." }, { "id": "arad", "name": "Tel Arad", "ancient_name": "Arad, Judah", "modern_country": "Israel", "lat": 31.28, "lon": 35.126, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±1 km)", "note": "Judahite fortress; ostraca archive." }, { "id": "elephantine", "name": "Elephantine", "ancient_name": "Yeb", "modern_country": "Egypt", "lat": 24.085, "lon": 32.886, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "island (approx. ±1 km)", "note": "Judean garrison community; Aramaic papyri." }, { "id": "qumran", "name": "Qumran", "ancient_name": "Qumran caves", "modern_country": "West Bank", "lat": 31.741, "lon": 35.459, "kind": "find_site", "precision": "site (approx. ±1 km)", "note": "Cave 4 manuscripts including 4Q120." }, { "id": "alexandria", "name": "Alexandria", "ancient_name": "Alexandria", "modern_country": "Egypt", "lat": 31.2, "lon": 29.92, "kind": "place_of_composition", "precision": "city — place of composition, not manuscript find-spot", "note": "Clement's milieu; surviving manuscripts are much later." }, { "id": "cyrrhus", "name": "Cyrrhus", "ancient_name": "Kyrrhos", "modern_country": "Syria", "lat": 36.744, "lon": 36.959, "kind": "place_of_composition", "precision": "city — author's see, not manuscript find-spot", "note": "Theodoret was bishop of Cyrrhus." } ], "artifact_places": [ { "artifact_id": "A-SOLEB", "place_id": "soleb" }, { "artifact_id": "A-AMARAH", "place_id": "amara-west" }, { "artifact_id": "A-MESHA", "place_id": "dhiban" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KA", "place_id": "kuntillet-ajrud" }, { "artifact_id": "A-KETEF", "place_id": "ketef-hinnom" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH2", "place_id": "lachish" }, { "artifact_id": "A-LACHISH3", "place_id": "lachish" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ARAD18", "place_id": "arad" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-D49", "place_id": "elephantine" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-A47", "place_id": "elephantine" }, { "artifact_id": "A-ELE-C315", "place_id": "elephantine" }, { "artifact_id": "A-4Q120", "place_id": "qumran" }, { "artifact_id": "A-CLEMENT", "place_id": "alexandria" }, { "artifact_id": "A-THEODORET", "place_id": "cyrrhus" } ], "renderings": [ { "id": "R-MT-QERE", "work": "Masoretic reading tradition", "tradition": "Jewish", "language": "Hebrew", "year": 900, "year_note": "Tiberian pointing, c. 9th–10th c. CE manuscripts", "rendering": "Adonai (read); יְהוָה (written)", "rendering_native": "יְהוָה", "strategy": "reading_tradition", "note": "Written consonants retained; reader substitutes Adonai (qere perpetuum). See claim C07.", "verification": "linked_claim" }, { "id": "R-4Q120", "work": "4Q120 (pap4QLXXLevb)", "tradition": "Jewish Greek", "language": "Greek", "year": -50, "year_note": "1st c. BCE", "rendering": "Iaō", "rendering_native": "ΙΑΩ", "strategy": "greek_transcription", "note": "Greek letters with explicit vowels. See artifact A-4Q120.", "verification": "linked_record" }, { "id": "R-LXX", "work": "Septuagint (Christian-era codices)", "tradition": "Greek Christian transmission", "language": "Greek", "year": 350, "year_note": "4th c. CE great codices", "rendering": "Kyrios (“Lord”)", "rendering_native": "Κύριος", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "Title substitution; earlier Jewish Greek manuscripts show other practices: ΙΑΩ, paleo-Hebrew letters, and square Aramaic script (e.g. P.Fouad 266).", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-PESHITTA", "work": "Peshitta", "tradition": "Syriac Christian", "language": "Syriac", "year": 200, "year_note": "c. 2nd–3rd c. CE (OT translation)", "rendering": "Marya (“Lord”)", "rendering_native": "ܡܪܝܐ", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-VULGATE", "work": "Vulgate (Jerome)", "tradition": "Latin Christian", "language": "Latin", "year": 405, "year_note": "c. 382–405 CE", "rendering": "Dominus (“Lord”)", "rendering_native": "Dominus", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-TYNDALE", "work": "Tyndale Pentateuch", "tradition": "English Protestant", "language": "English", "year": 1530, "year_note": "1530", "rendering": "Iehouah (e.g. Exod 6:3); LORDE elsewhere", "rendering_native": "Iehouah", "strategy": "vocalized_form", "note": "Early English use of a vocalized form in select verses.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-LUTHER", "work": "Luther Bible", "tradition": "German Protestant", "language": "German", "year": 1534, "year_note": "1534 complete Bible", "rendering": "HERR", "rendering_native": "HERR", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "Capitals mark the divine name.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-KJV", "work": "King James Version", "tradition": "English Protestant", "language": "English", "year": 1611, "year_note": "1611", "rendering": "LORD; JEHOVAH in 4 verses", "rendering_native": "LORD", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "Small capitals mark the divine name; JEHOVAH at Exod 6:3, Ps 83:18, Isa 12:2, 26:4, and in compound place names (Gen 22:14, Exod 17:15, Judg 6:24).", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-VANDYCK", "work": "Van Dyck Arabic Bible", "tradition": "Arabic Protestant", "language": "Arabic", "year": 1865, "year_note": "1865", "rendering": "ar-Rabb (“the Lord”)", "rendering_native": "الرب", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-ASV", "work": "American Standard Version", "tradition": "English Protestant", "language": "English", "year": 1901, "year_note": "1901", "rendering": "Jehovah", "rendering_native": "Jehovah", "strategy": "vocalized_form", "note": "Used throughout the Old Testament.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-SEGOND", "work": "Louis Segond (1910 revision)", "tradition": "French Protestant", "language": "French", "year": 1910, "year_note": "OT 1874; complete Bible 1880; revised 1910", "rendering": "l’Éternel (“the Eternal”)", "rendering_native": "l’Éternel", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-JPS1917", "work": "JPS Tanakh", "tradition": "Jewish", "language": "English", "year": 1917, "year_note": "1917", "rendering": "LORD", "rendering_native": "LORD", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-CUV", "work": "Chinese Union Version", "tradition": "Chinese Protestant", "language": "Chinese", "year": 1919, "year_note": "1919", "rendering": "Yēhéhuá", "rendering_native": "耶和華", "strategy": "vocalized_form", "note": "Printed in traditional characters (simplified: 耶和华). Transliteration of a Jehovah-type form.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-RSV", "work": "Revised Standard Version", "tradition": "English ecumenical", "language": "English", "year": 1952, "year_note": "1952", "rendering": "LORD", "rendering_native": "LORD", "strategy": "substitution_title", "note": "Preface explains departure from the ASV's Jehovah.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-NWT", "work": "New World Translation", "tradition": "Jehovah’s Witnesses", "language": "English", "year": 1961, "year_note": "complete 1961; rev. 2013", "rendering": "Jehovah", "rendering_native": "Jehovah", "strategy": "vocalized_form", "note": "Also inserted in parts of the New Testament.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-RV1960", "work": "Reina-Valera 1960", "tradition": "Spanish Protestant", "language": "Spanish", "year": 1960, "year_note": "1960 revision", "rendering": "Jehová", "rendering_native": "Jehová", "strategy": "vocalized_form", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-JB", "work": "Jerusalem Bible", "tradition": "Catholic", "language": "English", "year": 1966, "year_note": "1966", "rendering": "Yahweh", "rendering_native": "Yahweh", "strategy": "reconstructed_form", "note": "Later Catholic guidance (2008) discouraged vocalizing the name in liturgy.", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-WEB", "work": "World English Bible", "tradition": "English (public domain)", "language": "English", "year": 2000, "year_note": "c. 2000", "rendering": "Yahweh", "rendering_native": "Yahweh", "strategy": "reconstructed_form", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" }, { "id": "R-LSB", "work": "Legacy Standard Bible", "tradition": "English Protestant", "language": "English", "year": 2021, "year_note": "2021", "rendering": "Yahweh", "rendering_native": "Yahweh", "strategy": "reconstructed_form", "note": "", "verification": "editorial_seed" } ] } }